Question # 1 A penetration tester gains access to a domain server and wants to enumerate the systems within the domain. Which of the following tools would provide the best oversight of domains? A. Netcat B. Wireshark C. Nmap D. Responder
Click for Answer
C. Nmap
Answer Description Explanation:
Installation:
Basic Network Scanning:
To scan a range of IP addresses in the network:
Service and Version Detection:
Enumerating Domain Systems:
Advanced Scanning Options:
Stealth Scan: Use the -sS option to perform a stealth scan:
nmap -sS 192.168.1.10
Aggressive Scan: Use the -A option to enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute:
nmap -A 192.168.1.10
Real-World Example:
References from Pentesting Literature:
References:
Question # 2 A penetration tester needs to complete cleanup activities from the testing lead. Which of the following should the tester do to validate that reverse shell payloads are no longer running?
A. Run scripts to
terminate the implant on affected hosts. B. Spin down the C2
listeners. C. Restore the firewall
settings of the original affected hosts. D. Exit from C2 listener
active sessions.
Click for Answer
A. Run scripts to
terminate the implant on affected hosts.
Answer Description To ensure that reverse shell payloads are no longer running, it is essential to actively terminate any implanted malware or scripts. Here’s why option A is correct:
Run Scripts to Terminate the Implant: This ensures that any reverse shell payloads or malicious implants are actively terminated on the affected hosts. It is a direct and effective method to clean up after a penetration test.
Spin Down the C2 Listeners: This stops the command and control listeners but does not remove the implants from the hosts.
Restore the Firewall Settings: This is important for network security but does not directly address the termination of active implants.
Exit from C2 Listener Active Sessions: This closes the current sessions but does not ensure that implants are terminated.
References from Pentest:
Anubis HTB: Demonstrates the process of cleaning up and ensuring that all implants are removed after an assessment.
Forge HTB: Highlights the importance of thoroughly cleaning up and terminating any payloads or implants to leave the environment secure post-assessment.
Question # 3 A tester performs a vulnerability scan and identifies several outdated libraries used within the customer SaaS product offering. Which of the following types of scans did the tester use to identify the libraries?
A. IAST B. SBOM C. DAST D. SAST
Click for Answer
D. SAST
Answer Description kube-hunter is a tool designed to perform security assessments on Kubernetes clusters. It identifies various vulnerabilities, focusing on weaknesses and misconfigurations. Here’s why option B is correct:
Kube-hunter: It scans Kubernetes clusters to identify security issues, such as misconfigurations, insecure settings, and potential attack vectors.
Network Configuration Errors: While kube-hunter might identify some networkrelated issues, its primary focus is on Kubernetes-specific vulnerabilities and misconfigurations.
Application Deployment Issues: These are more related to the applications running within the cluster, not the cluster configuration itself.
Security Vulnerabilities in Docker Containers: Kube-hunter focuses on the Kubernetes environment rather than Docker container-specific vulnerabilities.
References from Pentest:
Forge HTB: Highlights the use of specialized tools to identify misconfigurations in environments, similar to how kube-hunter operates within Kubernetes clusters.
Anubis HTB: Demonstrates the importance of identifying and fixing misconfigurations within complex environments like Kubernetes clusters.
Conclusion:
Option B, weaknesses and misconfigurations in the Kubernetes cluster, accurately describes the type of vulnerabilities that kube-hunter is designed to detect.
Question # 4 A penetration tester plans to conduct reconnaissance during an engagement using readily available resources. Which of the following resources would most likely identify hardware and software being utilized by the client?
A. Cryptographic flaws B. Protocol scanning C. Cached pages D. Job boards
Click for Answer
D. Job boards
Answer Description To conduct reconnaissance and identify hardware and software used by a client, job boards are an effective resource. Companies often list the technologies they use in job postings to attract qualified candidates. These listings can provide valuable insights into the specific hardware and software platforms the client is utilizing.
Explanation:
Reconnaissance:
Job Boards:
Examples of Job Boards:
Pentest References:
OSINT (Open Source Intelligence): Using publicly available sources to gather information about a target.
Job boards are a key source of OSINT, providing indirect access to the internal technologies of a company.
This information can be used to tailor subsequent phases of the penetration test, such as vulnerability scanning and exploitation, to the specific technologies identified.
By examining job boards, a penetration tester can gain insights into the hardware and software environments of the target, making this a valuable reconnaissance tool.
Question # 5 In a cloud environment, a security team discovers that an attacker accessed confidential information that was used to configure virtual machines during their initialization. Through which of the following features could this information have been accessed?
A. IAM B. Block storage C. Virtual private cloud D. Metadata services
Click for Answer
D. Metadata services
Answer Description In a cloud environment, the information used to configure virtual machines during their initialization could have been accessed through metadata services.
Explanation:
Metadata Services:
Other Features:
Pentest References:
Cloud Security: Understanding how metadata services work and the potential risks associated with them is crucial for securing cloud environments.
Exploitation: Metadata services can be exploited to retrieve sensitive data if not properly secured.
By accessing metadata services, an attacker can retrieve sensitive configuration information used during VM initialization, which can lead to further exploitation.
Question # 6 During a web application assessment, a penetration tester identifies an input field that allows JavaScript injection. The tester inserts a line of JavaScript that results in a prompt, presenting a text box when browsing to the page going forward. Which of the following types of attacks is this an example of? A. SQL injection B. SSRF C. XSS D. Server-side template injection
Click for Answer
C. XSS
Answer Description Explanation: Here’s why option C is correct:
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): This attack involves injecting JavaScript into a web application, which is then executed by the user’s browser. The scenario describes injecting a JavaScript prompt, which is a typical XSS payload.
SQL Injection: This involves injecting SQL commands to manipulate the database and does not relate to JavaScript injection.
SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery): This attack tricks the server into making requests to unintended locations, which is not related to client-side JavaScript execution.
Server-Side Template Injection: This involves injecting code into server-side templates, not JavaScript that executes in the user’s browser.
References from Pentest:
Horizontall HTB: Demonstrates identifying and exploiting XSS vulnerabilities in web applications.
Luke HTB: Highlights the process of testing for XSS by injecting scripts and observing their execution in the browser.
Question # 7 Which of the following is the most efficient way to infiltrate a file containing data that could be sensitive?
A. Use steganography and
send the file over FTP B. Compress the file and
send it using TFTP C. Split the file in
tiny pieces and send it over dnscat D. Encrypt and send the
file over HTTPS
Click for Answer
D. Encrypt and send the
file over HTTPS
Answer Description When considering efficiency and security for exfiltrating sensitive data, the chosen method must ensure data confidentiality and minimize the risk of detection. Here’s an analysis of each option:
Use steganography and send the file over FTP (Option A):
Compress the file and send it using TFTP (Option B):
Split the file in tiny pieces and send it over dnscat (Option C):
Encrypt and send the file over HTTPS (Answer: D):
Conclusion: Encrypting the file and sending it over HTTPS is the most efficient and secure method for exfiltrating sensitive data, ensuring both confidentiality and reducing the risk of detection.
Question # 8 A penetration tester has found a web application that is running on a cloud virtual machine instance. Vulnerability scans show a potential SSRF for the same application URL path with an injectable parameter. Which of the following commands should the tester run to successfully test for secrets exposure exploitability?
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ B. curl
'<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/etc/passwd' C. curl
'<url>?param=<script>alert(1)<script>/' D. curl
<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/
Click for Answer
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
Answer Description In a cloud environment, testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities involves attempting to access metadata services. Here’s why the specified command is appropriate:
Accessing Cloud Metadata Service:
Comparison with Other Commands:
Using curl <url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ is the correct approach to test for SSRF vulnerabilities in cloud environments to potentially expose secrets.
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