Question # 1 During an engagement, a penetration tester found some weaknesses that were common across the customer’s entire environment. The weaknesses included the following:
Weaker password settings than the company standard
Systems without the company's endpoint security software installed
Operating systems that were not updated by the patch management system
Which of the following recommendations should the penetration tester provide to address the root issue? A. Add all systems to the vulnerability management system.
B. Implement a configuration management system.
C. Deploy an endpoint detection and response system.
D. Patch the out-of-date operating systems.
Click for Answer
B. Implement a configuration management system.
Question # 2 A consultant starts a network penetration test. The consultant uses a laptop that is hardwired to the network to try to assess the network with the appropriate tools. Which of the following should the consultant engage first?
A. Service discovery
B. OS fingerprinting
C. Host discovery
D. DNS enumeration
Click for Answer
C. Host discovery
Question # 3 A penetration tester is conducting reconnaissance on a target network. The tester runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sv -sT -p - 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following describes the most likely purpose of this scan? A. OS fingerprinting B. Attack path mapping C. Service discovery D. User enumeration
Click for Answer
C. Service discovery
Answer Description The Nmap command nmap -sv -sT -p- 192.168.1.0/24 is designed to discover services on a network. Here is a breakdown of the command and its purpose:
Command Breakdown:
Purpose of the Scan:
Conclusion: The nmap -sv -sT -p- 192.168.1.0/24 command is most likely used for service discovery, as it aims to identify all running services and their versions on the target subnet.
Question # 4 A penetration tester has found a web application that is running on a cloud virtual machine instance. Vulnerability scans show a potential SSRF for the same application URL path with an injectable parameter. Which of the following commands should the tester run to successfully test for secrets exposure exploitability?
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ B. curl
'<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/etc/passwd' C. curl
'<url>?param=<script>alert(1)<script>/' D. curl
<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/
Click for Answer
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
Answer Description In a cloud environment, testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities involves attempting to access metadata services. Here’s why the specified command is appropriate:
Accessing Cloud Metadata Service:
Comparison with Other Commands:
Using curl <url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ is the correct approach to test for SSRF vulnerabilities in cloud environments to potentially expose secrets.
Question # 5 A penetration tester wants to check the security awareness of specific workers in the company with targeted attacks. Which of the following attacks should the penetration tester perform? A. PhishingB. TailgatingC. WhalingD. Spear phishing
Click for Answer
D. Spear phishing
Answer Description Explanation:
Spear phishing is a targeted email attack aimed at specific individuals within an organization. Unlike general phishing, spear phishing is personalized and often involves extensive reconnaissance to increase the likelihood of success.
Understanding Spear Phishing:
Targeted Attack: Focuses on specific individuals or groups within an organization.
Customization: Emails are customized based on the recipient's role, interests, or recent activities.
Purpose:
Testing Security Awareness: Evaluates how well individuals recognize and respond to phishing attempts.
Information Gathering: Attempts to collect sensitive information such as credentials, financial data, or personal details.
Process:
Reconnaissance: Gather information about the target through social media, public records, and other sources.
Email Crafting: Create a convincing email that appears to come from a trusted source.
Delivery and Monitoring: Send the email and monitor for responses or actions taken by the recipient.
References from Pentesting Literature:
Spear phishing is highlighted in penetration testing methodologies for testing security awareness and the effectiveness of email filtering systems.
HTB write-ups and phishing simulation exercises often detail the use of spear phishing to assess organizational security.
Step-by-Step ExplanationReferences:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups
=================
Question # 6 During a penetration test, a tester captures information about an SPN account. Which of the following attacks requires this information as a prerequisite to proceed?
A. Golden Ticket
B. Kerberoasting
C. DCShadow
D. LSASS dumping
Click for Answer
B. Kerberoasting
Question # 7 A penetration tester wants to use the following Bash script to identify active servers on a network:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in {1..254}; do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null
4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up"
6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down"
8 fi
9 done
Which of the following should the tester do to modify the script? A. Change the condition on line 4.
B. Add 2>&1 at the end of line 3.
C. Use seq on the loop on line 2.
D. Replace $h with ${h} on line 3.
Click for Answer
C. Use seq on the loop on line 2.
Question # 8 While conducting a reconnaissance activity, a penetration tester extracts the following information:
Emails: - admin@acme.com - sales@acme.com - support@acme.com
Which of the following risks should the tester use to leverage an attack as the next step in the security assessment? A. Unauthorized access to the network
B. Exposure of sensitive servers to the internet
C. Likelihood of SQL injection attacks
D. Indication of a data breach in the company
Click for Answer
A. Unauthorized access to the network
Answer Description Explanation:
When a penetration tester identifies email addresses during reconnaissance, the most immediate risk to leverage for an attack is unauthorized access to the network. Here’s why:
Phishing Attacks:
Email addresses are often used to conduct phishing attacks. By crafting a convincing email, an attacker can trick the recipient into revealing their login credentials or downloading malicious software, thereby gaining unauthorized access to the network.
Spear Phishing:
With specific email addresses (like admin@acme.com), attackers can perform spear phishing, targeting key individuals within the organization to gain access to more sensitive parts of the network.
Comparison with Other Risks:
Exposure of sensitive servers to the internet (B): This is unrelated to the email addresses and more about network configuration.
Likelihood of SQL injection attacks (C): SQL injection targets web applications and databases, not email addresses.
Indication of a data breach in the company (D): The presence of email addresses alone does not indicate a data breach.
Email addresses are a starting point for phishing attacks, making unauthorized access to the network the most relevant risk.
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